The practical relationship established for wartime signals intelligence developed into a formal signed agreement at the start of the post-war Cold War. From then key figures travelled back and forth across the Atlantic, including Denniston and code-breaking expert Alan Turing. The British and US agencies shared extremely confidential information, including the British breaking of the German Enigma code, and the US breaking of the Japanese Purple code. A February 1941 entry in the diary of Alastair Denniston, head of Bletchley Park, reading "The Ys are coming!" ("Ys" referring to "Yanks") is the first record, followed by "Ys arrive" on 10 February. The earliest origins of the Five Eyes alliance are secret meetings between British and US code-breakers at the British code-breaking establishment at Bletchley Park in February 1941 (before the US entry into the war). The cover page of the first version of the secret UKUSA Agreement in 1946, which was disclosed to the public in 2011 New Zealand Security Intelligence Service Government Communications Security Bureau Human intelligence, Security intelligenceĭirectorate of Defence Intelligence and Security CountryĪustralian Security Intelligence OrganisationĪustralian Geospatial-Intelligence Organisationĭefence intelligence, Geo Intelligence, Human Intelligence The following table provides an overview of most of the FVEY agencies involved in such forms of data sharing. Since processed intelligence is gathered from multiple sources, the intelligence shared is not restricted to signals intelligence (SIGINT) and often involves defence intelligence as well as human intelligence (HUMINT) and geospatial intelligence (GEOINT). In spite of continued controversy over its methods, the Five Eyes relationship remains one of the most comprehensive known espionage alliances in human history. It has been claimed that FVEY nations have been sharing intelligence in order to circumvent domestic laws, but only one court case in Canada has found any FVEY nation breaking domestic laws when sharing intelligence with a FVEYs partner. Documents leaked by Snowden in 2013 revealed that the FVEY has been spying on one another's citizens and sharing the collected information with each other, although the FVEY nations maintain that this was done legally. Former NSA contractor Edward Snowden described the Five Eyes as a " supra-national intelligence organisation that does not answer to the known laws of its own countries". The FVEY further expanded their surveillance capabilities during the course of the " war on terror", with much emphasis placed on monitoring the World Wide Web. In the late 1990s, the existence of ECHELON was disclosed to the public, triggering a major debate in the European Parliament and, to a lesser extent, the United States Congress. This was initially developed by the FVEY to monitor the communications of the former Soviet Union and the Eastern Bloc, although it is now used to monitor communications worldwide. the continuance of the intimate relationship between our military advisers, leading to common study of potential dangers." Īs the Cold War deepened, the intelligence sharing arrangement became formalised under the ECHELON surveillance system in the 1960s. This means a special relationship between the British Commonwealth and Empire and the United States. Neither the sure prevention of war, nor the continuous rise of world organisation will be gained without what I have called the fraternal association of the English-speaking peoples. Canadian academic Srdjan Vucetic argues the alliance emerged from Winston Churchill's Iron Curtain speech in 1946, which warned of open conflict with the Soviet bloc unless the English-speaking democracies learned to cooperate: formally entered the war, followed by the Allies' 1941 Atlantic Charter that established their vision of the post-war world. The origins of the FVEY can be traced to informal secret meetings during World War II between British and American code-breakers, which started before the U.S. Informally, Five Eyes can also refer to the group of intelligence agencies of these countries. These countries are parties to the multilateral UKUSA Agreement, a treaty for joint cooperation in signals intelligence. The Five Eyes ( FVEY) is an intelligence alliance comprising Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and the United States. NZSIS Headquarters, Wellington, New Zealand
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